LINGUISTIC PECULIARITIES OF MODERN EXPRESSIVE DISCOURSE ЛІНГВІСТИЧНІ

In this article we deal with different approaches to the study of notion of expressive discourse and functions of this phenomenon in contemporary linguistics. The article is interesting for presentation of points of view of some linguists on existing types of discourse as well as an attempt to determine the place of expressive discourse among them. In a general sense, discourse is considered by scientists as a written or spoken result of a communicative event. When studying the typology of discourse, scientists in one way or another associate it with expressiveness, an expressive communicative act, an expressive type of speech acts, etc. Expressiveness, which is the main distinguishing feature of expressive discourse, is defined as expressive and depicting qualities of language that make it figurative and emotionally coloured. According to many linguists, expressiveness should be considered in relation to the concept of emotionality. The emotional in language is necessary for expressing feelings, and the expressive is necessary for enhancing expressiveness and imagery. Expressiveness is a broader concept than emotionality and includes emotionality as its most important component. One of the purposes of emotional expression is the realization of the speaker’s emotional intentions. The mechanisms of creating expressiveness and expressive colouring require further research. Expressiveness is usually implemented through the lexical means of language, stylistic devices, as well as with the help of various emotional intentions of the speaker and the corresponding emotional reaction of the recipient.

For several decades, the notion of "discourse" has been the object of linguistic research. Being in the field of view of scientists, the term "discourse" constantly acquires various interpretations and is considered in different aspects. Discourse in the broadest sense is a complex communicative event that takes place between a speaker and a listener (observer) in a certain context (time, space, etc.). In the narrow sense, discourse is a "text" or "conversation", that is, it is a completed or long-term "product" of a communicative event, its written or spoken result, which is interpreted by recipients. Thus, discourse in the general sense is a written or spoken verbal product of a communicative event. When studying discourse and its types, it is necessary to take into account extralinguistic factors (sociocultural, pragmatic, psychological, etc.) related to this phenomenon. Today, linguists, guided by this or that aspect, distinguish many different types of discourse. Two main aspects are integral components of any classification of discourse: the sphere of functioning and the nature of communication. According to M. Popovych, discourse is "the structure of a speech act together with its context, not the speech act itself" [3, p. 29]. The scholar considers the typology of discourse from the point of view of a semiotic approach and offers such types of communicative acts as cognitive, motivational, and expressive. As for the first type, it involves the transmission of certain information. The second type is an incentive to certain actions, and the third is the expression of various feelings, moods, thoughts (joy, anger, irony, sarcasm, etc.).

S. Sukhykh offers a classification of discourse, focusing on the social aspect.
This classification is based on the intentions and goals of the communication participants, their social and personal characteristics, and the communication environment. The scholar distinguishes four types of discourse: interpretive, dialogueinterview, instrumental and affiliative. Interpretive discourse, which can take place in the form of a discussion, is characterized by the ability of one of its participants to obtain as much information as possible about the other. Dialogue-interview is a distribution of information between partners. Instrumental discourse usually occurs in the industrial sphere in the form of receiving instructions, assignments, etc. Affiliative discourse has such features as personal orientation, expressive (enthusiasm, optimism) and contractive (agreement, refusal) types of speech acts [5].
So, there are different definitions and classifications of discourse, but most linguists agree that one of the signs of this phenomenon is expressiveness and thus distinguish such a notion as "expressive discourse" as a separate subtype. The objective of this article is to explore different points of view regarding the notion of expression, as well as to determine the place of expressive discourse in modern linguistics.
First of all, it is necessary to understand what is expression as such.
O. Akhmanova interprets expressiveness as "expressive and descriptive qualities of speech that distinguish it from the usual (stylistically neutral) and give it imagery and emotional colouring" [1, p. 324].
Some scientists offer to distinguish between the notions of expressiveness and emotionality. A. Emirova believes that the expressive component is "a part of pragmatic meaning related to the expression of the speaker's emotions and assessments" [5, p. 15]. This is the so-called emotional, emotional-evaluative meaning in lexicology and phraseology, and subjective-modal in grammar. The relationship between emotionality and expressiveness in language is one of the central issues that arise when discussing the problem of emotionality. A number of scientists believe that the emotional in language is necessary for the expression of feelings, and the expressive for strengthening expressiveness and imagery; the emotional is opposed to the intellectual, while expression encompasses both the intellectual and the emotional. In pragmatics, it is important to focus on the speaker's attitude to the sign when making their choice in the process of forming an utterancean attitude that reveals the ability of a given sign to satisfy all the conditions for the success of a speech act. At the same time, the very choice of a sign is the realization of not only semantic competence, which is responsible for the correlation of the sign with the world, but also pragmatic competence. The latter is characterized by the speaker's awareness of the state of affairs, which is discussed in generalabout the participants and their roles, about information on the recipient, etc.
In addition to the attitude of the subject of speech to the sign, there is also the attitude of the sign to the recipient, that is, acting as an interpreter, the addressee restores not only the reference of the utterance, but also the intention or purpose of the utterancethe intention of the speaker, aimed at evoking an emotional reaction of the addressee. Expressiveness is a collective product, which is achieved by amplifying a signal that carries information about the emotional attitude of the speaker to the signified due to the repetition of this signal. Expressiveness is a product of interpretation by the subject of speech, and a "reproduct" of the addressee, although the interpretation of the speaker and the addressee may not coincide.
Thus, the study of expressiveness went beyond the systematizing descriptive approach to the problem into the field of linguo-stylistic studies of the text, where the material is mainly fiction in its various genres, as one of the types of text that has integrity and coherence. Expressiveness is considered in this relation depending on the aesthetic-value setting of the text, and the very concept of expressiveness receives here an interpretation that integrates all methods of linguistic influence, characteristic of the text as a whole. The dynamics of the text as an object of research is determined by the orientation of the text to the addressee, whose linguistic competence is considered from The author of the words in the above example is trying to enhance the meaning of something, in their opinion, very important (in this case timeyears), for this, the author adds an expressive colouring to the utterance with the help of some elements: even more years, finally. To create an expressive load in this example, the author uses lexical means.
The expressiveness of texts is the result of such a pragmatic use of language, the main purpose of which is to reveal the emotional attitude of the subject of speech to the signified information and transfer this attitude to the addressee. O. Hryshina believes that the main source of expressiveness is a work of art, due to the fact that the author's creation of any utterance in a work of art is always accompanied by the choice of certain linguistic means in order to ensure an aesthetic impact on the reader. As for business documents, instructions, etc., the use of emotions, and therefore expressiveness, is completely excluded in these types of texts. Speaking about the expressiveness of an utterance, Hryshina insists on considering two different levels: internal and external. The internal level involves expressiveness, which is created due to the expressive means of language and stylistic devices. External is the level at which the assessment of expressiveness takes place, and which requires a wide context. That is, the message becomes expressive only in the text [5, p. 18].
The founder of modern concepts and research methods of expressively coloured speech can be considered Sh. Bally, who insisted on the multiplicity of means and ways of expressing the same emotionally coloured content. V. Telia treats the expressiveness of speech as its non-neutrality, deviation, which gives it unusualness, expressiveness associated with the fact that the signal transmitted by speech expression is amplified and thereby isolated from the general flow or due to the unusual stylistic use of speech means, or as a result of the perception of an associative image, which acts as a stimulus for a positive or negative emotional reaction of the recipient.

For instance,
"It was such a wonderful ordination service at Rochester Cathedral, the second oldest and one of the loveliest cathedrals in the country… The day before had been rainy and miserable, but on this one day the sun shone" [2, p. 136].
The author's goal in this example is to convey to the recipient their positive attitude towards the subject through the use of adjectives (wonderful) and degrees of comparison of adjectives (loveliest), as well as by contrasting different phenomena.
It should also be noted that there are several approaches to determining the place of emotional expression in the theory of language. The dominant view is emotionality as one of the functions of language. The essence of this function is to fulfill the role of an emotional and regulatory nature. This understanding of the emotional function refers it to the main function of languagecommunicative. This is explained by one of the general trends in the development of modern science, which consists in the fact that the center of research is more and more often a person as a subject of social and cognitive activity.
The place of a person as the subject of speech activity in linguistic theory is also being reconsidered. The change of orientations also takes place in text studies, where a sharp shift to the pragmatic aspect of text study has taken place. The category of the subject of speech allows to consider the text as a communicative category. The issues of the impact of the text and its intended purpose come to the fore. The text consists of statements that are characterized by the desire to attract the attention of the addressee, by orientation to emotional and expressive discourse. The role of the addressee is to interpret the received message, that is, to recognize the intention of the speaker, which in its turn should cause an emotional reaction of the recipient. To sum up, first of all, it can be stated that expressive discourse is equally one of the types of discourse. In general, expressiveness is a way of giving speech originality and expressive colouring, therefore it is one of the main topics of linguistic research. One of the main functions of expressive discourse is the expression of the speaker's emotional intentions. Regarding the prospects of this research, it is possible to offer the study of expressive discourse from the perspective of the pragmatic aspect of language. Also, a necessary condition for studying this phenomenon is taking into account the types of text (speech), context and their intended purpose.